Web Reference: The PHP 7.0 migration docs has this to say: The null coalescing operator (??) has been added as syntactic sugar for the common case of needing to use a ternary in conjunction with isset (). PHP Double Equals == equality chart: PHP Triple Equals === Equality chart: Source code to create these images: PHP equality charts Guru Meditation Those who wish to keep their sanity, read no further because none of this will make any sense, except to say that this is how the insanity-fractal, of PHP was designed. NAN != NAN but NAN == true. As of PHP 5.3: Since PHP 5.3, it is possible to leave out the middle part of the ternary operator. Expression expr1 ?: expr3 returns expr1 if expr1 evaluates to TRUE, and expr3 otherwise. As of PHP 7.0 PHP 7 has new Null Coalesce Operator. This is the same as a ternary but is also called an "isset ternary".
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