Web Reference: There are two names for the function that calculates a unit vector: hat () and norm (). Both can be invoked as functions or attributes: For convenience, hat( vec(0,0,0) ) = vec(0, 0, 0) to avoid runtime errors. Both dot and cross products can be invoked as functions or attributes: Now that we have discussed both unit vector notation (one way to mathematically represent a vector), and drawn arrows to show vectors in vPython, let’s go back to Manhattan, so we can start talking about how to add multiple vectors. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.
YouTube Excerpt: Adding vectors with VPython 1
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Last Updated: April 2, 2026
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